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(present usage)

  • 1 present

    I [prɪ'zent] v
    1) преподносить, дарить, вручать

    When you're presented with a chance to improve your position, take advantage of it. — Когда тебе предоставляется шанс улучшить свое положение, воспользуйся им.

    - present smb with smth
    - present smb with a collection of stamps
    - present the prizes
    2) представлять, подавать, вручать, вчинять иск, подавать на рассмотрение, передавать на рассмотрение

    He presented his case well. — Он хорошо изложил свои доводы.

    - present a case for discussion
    - present in evidence - present for an examination
    •
    USAGE:
    See explain, v; USAGE (2.).
    II ['prezənt] n
    подарок, дар
    - excellent present
    - birthday presents
    - anniversary present
    - wedding present
    - Christmas present
    - present for smb
    - give a present to smb
    - give a present of smth to smb
    - send smb smth as a present
    - take a present     III ['prezənt] - all those present
    - be present at the a lesson
    - be present for the opening of the exhibition
    - be present in one's mind
    - no one else was present
    - some of you present here
    2) настоящий, текущий, современный
    - present Cabinet
    - present price
    - present needs
    - present year
    - present fashions
    - question of present interest
    - in the present circumstances
    - at the present time
    3) данный (тот, о котором идет речь)
    - present book
    - present writer
    - on receipt of the present letter
    - no excuse in the present case
    •
    USAGE:
    See absent, adj
    IV ['prezənt]

    There is no present without the past. — Без прошлого нет настоящего.

    Let's think of the present and of the future. — Давайте думать о настоящем и будущем.

    He is out of town at present. — В настоящее время его нет дома.

    - for the present
    - until to the present
    USAGE:

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > present

  • 2 Usage note : be

    The direct French equivalent of the verb to be in subject + to be + predicate sentences is être:
    I am tired
    = je suis fatigué
    Caroline is French
    = Caroline est française
    the children are in the garden
    = les enfants sont dans le jardin
    It functions in very much the same way as to be does in English and it is safe to assume it will work as a translation in the great majority of cases.
    Note, however, that when you are specifying a person’s profession or trade, a/an is not translated:
    she’s a doctor
    = elle est médecin
    Claudie is still a student
    = Claudie est toujours étudiante
    This is true of any noun used in apposition when the subject is a person:
    he’s a widower
    = il est veuf
    But
    Lyons is a beautiful city
    = Lyon est une belle ville
    For more information or expressions involving professions and trades consult the usage note Shops, Trades and Professions.
    For the conjugation of the verb être see the French verb tables.
    Grammatical functions
    The passive
    être is used to form the passive in French just as to be is used in English. Note, however, that the past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject:
    the rabbit was killed by a fox
    = le lapin a été tué par un renard
    the window had been broken
    = la fenêtre avait été cassée
    their books will be sold
    = leurs livres seront vendus
    our doors have been repainted red
    = nos portes ont été repeintes en rouge
    In spoken language, French native speakers find the passive cumbersome and will avoid it where possible by using the impersonal on where a person or people are clearly involved : on a repeint nos portes en rouge.
    Progressive tenses
    In French the idea of something happening over a period of time cannot be expressed using the verb être in the way that to be is used as an auxiliary verb in English.
    The present
    French uses simply the present tense where English uses the progressive form with to be:
    I am working
    = je travaille
    Ben is reading a book
    = Ben lit un livre
    The future
    French also uses the present tense where English uses the progressive form with to be:
    we are going to London tomorrow
    = nous allons à Londres demain
    I’m (just) coming!
    = j’arrive!
    I’m (just) going!
    = j’y vais!
    The past
    To express the distinction between she read a newspaper and she was reading a newspaper French uses the perfect and the imperfect tenses: elle a lu un journal/elle lisait un journal:
    he wrote to his mother
    = il a écrit à sa mère
    he was writing to his mother
    = il écrivait à sa mère
    However, in order to accentuate the notion of describing an activity which went on over a period of time, the phrase être en train de (= to be in the process of) is often used:
    ‘what was he doing when you arrived?’
    ‘he was cooking the dinner’
    = ‘qu’est-ce qu’il faisait quand tu es arrivé?’ ‘il était en train de préparer le dîner’
    she was just finishing her essay when …
    = elle était juste en train de finir sa dissertation quand …
    The compound past
    Compound past tenses in the progressive form in English are generally translated by the imperfect in French:
    I’ve been looking for you
    = je te cherchais
    For progressive forms + for and since (I’ve been waiting for an hour, I had been waiting for an hour, I’ve been waiting since Monday etc.) see the entries for and since.
    Obligation
    When to be is used as an auxiliary verb with another verb in the infinitive ( to be to do) expressing obligation, a fixed arrangement or destiny, devoir is used:
    she’s to do it at once
    = elle doit le faire tout de suite
    what am I to do?
    = qu’est-ce que je dois faire?
    he was to arrive last Monday
    = il devait arriver lundi dernier
    she was never to see him again
    = elle ne devait plus le revoir.
    In tag questions
    French has no direct equivalent of tag questions like isn’t he? or wasn’t it? There is a general tag question n’est-ce pas? (literally isn’t it so?) which will work in many cases:
    their house is lovely, isn’t it?
    = leur maison est très belle, n’est-ce pas?
    he’s a doctor, isn’t he?
    = il est médecin, n’est-ce pas?
    it was a very good meal, wasn’t it?
    = c’était un très bon repas, n’est-ce pas?
    However, n’est-ce pas can very rarely be used for positive tag questions and some other way will be found to express the extra meaning contained in the tag: par hasard ( by any chance) can be very useful as a translation:
    ‘I can’t find my glasses’ ‘they’re not in the kitchen, are they?’
    = ‘je ne trouve pas mes lunettes’ ‘elles ne sont pas dans la cuisine, par hasard?’
    you haven’t seen Gaby, have you?
    = tu n’as pas vu Gaby, par hasard?
    In cases where an opinion is being sought, si? meaning more or less or is it? or was it? etc. can be useful:
    it’s not broken, is it?
    = ce n’est pas cassé, si?
    he wasn’t serious, was he?
    = il n’était pas sérieux, si?
    In many other cases the tag question is simply not translated at all and the speaker’s intonation will convey the implied question.
    In short answers
    Again, there is no direct equivalent for short answers like yes I am, no he’s not etc. Where the answer yes is given to contradict a negative question or statement, the most useful translation is si:
    ‘you’re not going out tonight’ ‘yes I am’
    = ‘tu ne sors pas ce soir’ ‘si’
    In reply to a standard enquiry the tag will not be translated:
    ‘are you a doctor?’ ‘yes I am’
    = ‘êtes-vous médecin?’ ‘oui’
    ‘was it raining?’ ‘yes it was’
    = ‘est-ce qu’il pleuvait?’ ‘oui’
    Probability
    For expressions of probability and supposition ( if I were you etc.) see the entry be.
    Other functions
    Expressing sensations and feelings
    In expressing physical and mental sensations, the verb used in French is avoir:
    to be cold
    = avoir froid
    to be hot
    = avoir chaud
    I’m cold
    = j’ai froid
    to be thirsty
    = avoir soif
    to be hungry
    = avoir faim
    to be ashamed
    = avoir honte
    my hands are cold
    = j’ai froid aux mains
    If, however, you are in doubt as to which verb to use in such expressions, you should consult the entry for the appropriate adjective.
    Discussing health and how people are
    In expressions of health and polite enquiries about how people are, aller is used:
    how are you?
    = comment allez-vous?
    ( more informally) comment vas-tu?
    are you well?
    = vous allez bien?
    how is your daughter?
    = comment va votre fille?
    my father is better today
    = mon père va mieux aujourd’hui
    Discussing weather and temperature
    In expressions of weather and temperature faire is generally used:
    it’s cold
    = il fait froid
    it’s windy
    = il fait du vent
    If in doubt, consult the appropriate adjective entry.
    Visiting somewhere
    When to be is used in the present perfect tense to mean go, visit etc., French will generally use the verbs venir, aller etc. rather than être:
    I’ve never been to Sweden
    = je ne suis jamais allé en Suède
    have you been to the Louvre?
    = est-ce que tu es déjà allé au Louvre?
    or est-ce que tu as déjà visité le Louvre?
    Paul has been to see us three times
    = Paul est venu nous voir trois fois
    Note too:
    has the postman been?
    = est-ce que le facteur est passé?
    For here is, here are, there is, there are see the entries here and there.
    The translation for an expression or idiom containing the verb to be will be found in the dictionary at the entry for another word in the expression: for to be in danger see danger, for it would be best to … see best etc.
    This dictionary contains usage notes on topics such as the clock, time units, age, weight measurement, days of the week, and shops, trades and professions, many of which include translations of particular uses of to be.

    Big English-French dictionary > Usage note : be

  • 3 présent

    I m
    подарок, презент
    présent d'usage — обычный подарок (напр., по случаю праздника, не учитываемый в наследстве)
    II 1. adj ( fém - présente)
    lui (moi etc.) présent — в его (моём и т. п.) присутствии, при нём (мне и т. п.)
    être présent, se trouver présent — присутствовать
    2) настоящий, имеющий место (в данный момент), нынешний; данный; наличный
    3) ( à qch) сохранившийся в памяти
    avoir la mémoire présente — иметь хорошую память
    4) грам. настоящего времени
    participe présent — причастие настоящего времени
    2. m
    1) настоящее, нынешнее время
    vivre dans le présent [du présent] — жить настоящим, сегодняшним днём
    d'à présent — нынешний, теперешний
    à présent que... loc conj — теперь, когда...; так как теперь; потому что теперь
    2) грам. настоящее время

    БФРС > présent

  • 4 present-day

    [ˌprez(ə)nt'deɪ]
    adj
    - present-day language
    - present-day events
    - present-day fashions
    - present-day prices
    USAGE:
    See new, adj

    English-Russian combinatory dictionary > present-day

  • 5 Usage note : for

    When for is used as a preposition, followed by a noun or pronoun, it is translated by pour:
    for my sister
    = pour ma sœur
    for the garden
    = pour le jardin
    for me
    = pour moi
    For particular usages see the entry for.
    When for is used as a preposition indicating purpose followed by a verb it is translated by pour + infinitive:
    for cleaning windows
    = pour nettoyer les vitres
    When for is used in the construction to be + adjective + for + pronoun + infinitive the translation in French is être + indirect pronoun + adjective + de + infinitive:
    it’s impossible for me to stay
    = il m’est impossible de rester
    it was hard for him to understand that…
    = il lui était difficile de comprendre que…
    it will be difficult for her to accept the changes
    = il lui sera difficile d’accepter les changements
    For the construction to be waiting for sb to do see the entry wait.
    For particular usages see the entry for.
    In time expressions
    for is used in English after a verb in the progressive present perfect tense to express the time period of something that started in the past and is still going on. To express this French uses a verb in the present tense + depuis:
    I have been waiting for three hours (and I am still waiting)
    = j’attends depuis trois heures
    we’ve been together for two years (and we’re still together)
    = nous sommes ensemble depuis deux ans
    When for is used in English after a verb in the past perfect tense, French uses the imperfect + depuis:
    I had been waiting for two hours (and was still waiting)
    = j’attendais depuis deux heures
    for is used in English negative sentences with the present perfect tense to express the time that has elapsed since something has happened. To express this, French uses the same tense as English (the perfect) + depuis:
    I haven’t seen him for ten years (and I still haven’t seen him)
    = je ne l’ai pas vu depuis dix ans
    In spoken French, there is another way of expressing this: ça fait or il y a dix ans que je ne l’ai pas vu.
    When for is used in English in negative sentences after a verb in the past perfect tense, French uses the past perfect + depuis:
    I hadn’t seen him for ten years
    = je ne l’avais pas vu depuis dix ans, or (in spoken French) ça faisait or il y avait dix ans que je ne l’avais pas vu
    for is used in English after the preterite to express the time period of something that happened in the past and is no longer going on. Here French uses the present perfect + pendant:
    last Sunday I gardened for two hours
    = dimanche dernier, j’ai jardiné pendant deux heures
    for is used in English after the present progressive tense or the future tense to express an anticipated time period in the future. Here French uses the present or the future tense + pour:
    I’m going to Rome for six weeks
    = je vais à Rome pour six semaines
    I will go to Rome for six weeks
    = j’irai à Rome pour six semaines
    Note, however, that when the verb to be is used in the future with for to emphasize the period of time, French uses the future + pendant:
    I will be in Rome for six weeks
    = je serai à Rome pendant six semaines
    he will be away for three days
    = il sera absent pendant trois jours
    For particular usages see A13, 14, 15 and 16 in the entry for.
    for is often used in English to form a structure with nouns, adjectives and verbs (weakness for, eager for, apply for, fend for etc.). For translations, consult the appropriate noun, adjective or verb entry (weakness, eager, apply, fend etc.).

    Big English-French dictionary > Usage note : for

  • 6 Usage note : since

    In time expressions
    since is used in English after a verb in the present perfect or progressive present perfect tense to indicate when something that is still going on started. To express this French uses a verb in the present tense + depuis:
    I’ve been waiting since Saturday
    = j’attends depuis samedi
    I’ve lived in Rome since 1988
    = j’habite à Rome depuis 1988
    When since is used after a verb in the past perfect tense, French uses the imperfect + depuis:
    I had been waiting since nine o’clock
    = j’attendais depuis neuf heures
    In negative time expressions
    Again since is translated by depuis, but in negative sentences the verb tenses used in French are the same as those used in English:
    I haven’t seen him since Saturday
    = je ne l’ai pas vu depuis samedi
    I hadn’t seen him since 1978
    = je ne l’avais pas vu depuis 1978
    As a conjunction
    In time expressions
    When since is used as a conjunction, it is translated by depuis que and the tenses used in French parallel exactly those used with the preposition depuis (see above):
    since she’s been living in Oxford
    = depuis qu’elle habite à Oxford
    since he’d been in Paris
    = depuis qu’il était à Paris
    Note that in time expressions with since French native speakers will generally prefer to use a noun where possible when English uses a verb:
    I haven’t seen him since he left
    = je ne l’ai pas vu depuis son départ
    she’s been living in Nice since she got married
    = elle habite à Nice depuis son mariage
    For particular usages see the entry since.
    Meaning because
    When since is used to mean because, it is translated by comme or étant donné que:
    since she was ill, she couldn’t go
    = comme elle était malade or étant donné qu’elle était malade, elle ne pouvait pas y aller
    As an adverb
    When since is used as an adverb it is translated by depuis:
    he hasn’t been seen since
    = on ne l’a pas vu depuis
    For particular usages see C in the entry since.

    Big English-French dictionary > Usage note : since

  • 7 Usage note : that

    In French, determiners agree in gender and number with the noun they precede ; that is translated by ce + masculine singular noun ( ce monsieur), cet + masculine singular noun beginning with a vowel or mute ‘h’ ( cet homme) and cette + feminine singular noun ( cette femme) ; those is translated by ces.
    Note, however, that the above translations are also used for the English this (plural these). So when it is necessary to insist on that as opposed to another or others of the same sort, the adverbial tag -là is added to the noun:
    I prefer THAT version
    = je préfère cette version-là
    For particular usages, see the entry that.
    As a pronoun meaning that one, those ones
    In French, pronouns reflect the gender and number of the noun they are referring to. So that is translated by celui-là for a masculine noun, celle-là for a feminine noun and those is translated by ceux-là for a masculine noun and celles-là for a feminine noun:
    I think I like that one (dress) best
    = je crois que je préfère celle-là
    For other uses of that, those as pronouns (e.g. who’s that?) and for adverbial use (e.g. that much, that many) there is no straightforward translation, so see the entry that for examples of usage.
    When used as a relative pronoun, that is translated by qui when it is the subject of the verb and by que when it is the object:
    the man that stole the car
    = l’homme qui a volé la voiture
    the film that I saw
    = le film que j’ai vu
    Remember that in the present perfect and past perfect tenses, the past participle will agree
    with the noun to which que as object refers:
    the apples that I bought
    = les pommes que j’ai achetées
    When that is used as a relative pronoun with a preposition, it is translated by lequel when standing for a masculine singular noun, by laquelle when standing for a feminine singular noun, by lesquels when standing for a masculine plural noun and by lesquelles when standing for a feminine plural noun:
    the chair that I was sitting on
    = la chaise sur laquelle j’étais assise
    the children that I bought the books for
    = les enfants pour lesquels j’ai acheté les livres
    Remember that in cases where the English preposition used would normally be translated by à in French (e.g. to, at), the translation of the whole (prep + rel pron) will be auquel, à laquelle, auxquels, auxquelles:
    the girls that I was talking to
    = les filles auxquelles je parlais
    Similarly, where the English preposition used would normally be translated by de in French (e.g. of, from), the translation of the whole (prep + rel pron) will be dont in all cases:
    the Frenchman that I received a letter from
    = le Français dont j’ai reçu une lettre
    When used as a conjunction, that can almost always be translated by que (qu’ before a vowel or mute ‘h’):
    she said that she would do it
    = elle a dit qu’elle le ferait
    In certain verbal constructions, que is followed by a subjunctive in French. If you are in doubt about the construction to use, consult the appropriate verb entry. For particular usages see the entry that.

    Big English-French dictionary > Usage note : that

  • 8 Usage note : let

    When let is used in English with another verb in order to make a suggestion (let’s do it at once), the first person plural - ons of the appropriate verb can generally be used to express this in French: faisons-le tout de suite. (Note that the verb alone translates let us do and no pronoun appears in French.)
    In the spoken language, however, which is the usual context for such suggestions, French speakers will use the much more colloquial on + present tense or si on + imperfect tense:
    let’s do it at once
    = on le fait tout de suite? or si on le faisait tout de suite?
    let’s go to the cinema tonight
    = si on allait au cinéma ce soir?
    let’s go!
    = allons-y! or on y va!
    These translations can also be used for negative suggestions:
    let’s not take or don’t let’s take the bus - let’s walk
    = on ne prend pas le bus, on y va à pied or ne prenons pas le bus, allons-y à pied
    For more examples and particular usages see A1 in the entry let1.
    When let is used in English with another verb to express defiance or a command (just let him try!) French uses the structure que + present subjunctive:
    just let him try!
    = qu’il essaie!
    don’t let me see you here again!
    = que je ne te revoie plus ici!
    For more examples and particular usages see A2 in the entry let1.
    When let is used to mean allow, it is generally translated by the verb laisser. For examples and particular usages see A3 in the entry let1.
    For translations of expressions such as let fly, let loose, let slip etc., consult the entry for the second word (fly, loose, slip etc.).

    Big English-French dictionary > Usage note : let

  • 9 Usage note : before

    When before is used as a preposition in expressions of time or order of sequence or importance, it is translated by avant:
    before the meeting
    = avant la réunion
    she left before me
    = elle est partie avant moi
    For more examples and particular usages, see A1, 2, 3 in the entry before.
    When before is used as a preposition meaning in front of (when you are talking about physical space) or in the presence of, it is translated by devant:
    before our eyes
    = devant nos yeux
    he declared before his mother that …
    = il a déclaré devant sa mère que …
    When before is used as an adjective after a noun, it is translated by précédent/-e:
    the time before
    = la fois précédente
    the one before is translated by le précédent or la précédente:
    no, I’m not talking about that meeting but the one before
    = non, je ne parle pas de cette réunion-là mais de la précédente
    For particular usages see B in the entry before.
    When before is used as an adverb meaning beforehand, it is translated by avant in statements about the present or future:
    I’ll try to talk to her before
    = j’essaierai de lui en parler avant
    you could have told me before
    = tu aurais pu me le dire avant
    When before means previously in statements about the past, it is translated by auparavant:
    I had met her two or three times before
    = je l’avais rencontrée deux ou trois fois auparavant
    When before means already it is translated by déjà:
    I’ve met her before
    = je l’ai déjà rencontrée
    you’ve asked me that question before
    = tu m’as déjà posé cette question
    In negative sentences before is often used in English simply to reinforce the negative. In such cases it is not translated at all:
    I’d never eaten snails before
    = je n’avais jamais mangé d’escargots
    you’ve never told me that before
    = tu ne m’as jamais dit ça
    For particular usages see C in the entry before.
    When before is used as a conjunction, it is translated by avant de + infinitive where the two verbs have the same subject:
    before he saw her he recognized her voice
    = il a reconnu sa voix avant de la voir
    before I cook dinner I’m going to phone my mother
    = avant de préparer le dîner je vais appeler ma mère
    Where the two verbs have different subjects, the translation is avant que + subjunctive:
    Tom wants to see her before she leaves
    = Tom veut la voir avant qu’elle parte
    Some speakers and writers add ne before the verb: Tom veut la voir avant qu’elle ne parte, but this is simply a slightly precious effect of style and is never obligatory. For particular usages see D in the entry before.

    Big English-French dictionary > Usage note : before

  • 10 Usage note : by

    When by is used with a passive verb, it is translated by par:
    he was killed by a tiger
    = il a été tué par un tigre
    she was horrified by the news
    = elle a été horrifiée par la nouvelle
    For particular usages, see the entry by.
    When by is used with a present participle to mean by means of, it is translated by en:
    she learned French by listening to the radio
    = elle a appris le français en écoutant la radio
    For particular usages, see the entry by.
    When by is used with a noun to mean by means of or using, it is translated by par:
    by telephone
    = par téléphone
    to hold something by the handle
    = tenir quelque chose par la poignée
    Note, however:
    to travel by bus/train/plane
    = voyager en bus/train/avion
    In time expressions by is translated by avant:
    it must be finished by Friday
    = il faut que ce soit fini avant vendredi
    For particular usages, see the entry by.
    by often appears as the second element in phrasal verbs (get by, put by, stand by etc.). For translations, consult the appropriate verb entry (get, put, stand etc.).
    For translations of fixed phrases and expressions such as to learn something by heart, to deliver something by hand etc. consult the appropriate noun entry (heart, hand etc.).
    For all other uses of by see the entry by.

    Big English-French dictionary > Usage note : by

  • 11 Usage note : can

    can and could are usually translated by the verb pouvoir. For the conjugation of pouvoir, see the French verb tables.
    he can wait until tomorrow
    = il peut attendre jusqu’à demain
    you can go out now
    = vous pouvez sortir maintenant
    The two notable exceptions to this are as follows:
    When can or could is used to mean know how to, the verb savoir is used:
    she can speak French
    = elle sait parler français
    he could read at the age of four
    = à l’âge de quatre ans il savait lire
    When can or could is used with a verb of perception such as see, hear or feel it is not translated at all:
    I can’t see her
    = je ne la vois pas
    she couldn’t feel anything
    = elle ne sentait rien
    In requests can is translated by the present tense of pouvoir and the more polite could by the conditional tense of pouvoir:
    can you help me?
    = peux-tu m’aider?
    could you help me?
    = pourrais-tu m’aider?
    For particular usages of could when it is not simply the preterite or conditional of can see 13, 15, 16 in the entry can1.
    See also the entry able.

    Big English-French dictionary > Usage note : can

  • 12 Usage note : have

    When used as an auxiliary in present perfect, future perfect and past perfect tenses, have is normally translated by avoir:
    I have seen
    = j’ai vu
    I had seen
    = j’avais vu
    However, some verbs in French, especially verbs of movement and change of state (e.g. aller, venir, descendre, mourir), take être rather than avoir in these tenses:
    he has left
    = il est parti
    In this case, remember the past participle agrees with the subject of the verb:
    she has gone
    = elle est allée
    Reflexive verbs (e.g. se lever, se coucher) always conjugate with être:
    she has fainted
    = elle s’est évanouie
    For translations of time expressions using for or since (he has been in London for six months, he has been in London since June), see the entries for and since.
    For translations of time expressions using just (I have just finished my essay, he has just gone), see the entry just1.
    to have to meaning must is translated by either devoir or the impersonal construction il faut que + subjunctive:
    I have to leave now
    = il faut que je parte maintenant or je dois partir maintenant
    In negative sentences, not to have to is generally translated by ne pas être obligé de e.g.
    you don’t have to go
    = tu n’es pas obligé d’y aller
    For examples and particular usages see the entry have.
    When have is used as a straightforward transitive verb meaning possess, have (or have got) can generally be translated by avoir, e.g.
    I have (got) a car
    = j’ai une voiture
    she has a good memory
    = elle a une bonne mémoire
    they have (got) problems
    = ils ont des problèmes
    For examples and particular usages see entry ; see also got.
    have is also used with certain noun objects where the whole expression is equivalent to a verb:
    to have dinner = to dine
    to have a try = to try
    to have a walk = to walk
    In such cases the phrase is very often translated by the equivalent verb in French (dîner, essayer, se promener). For translations consult the appropriate noun entry (dinner, try, walk).
    had is used in English at the beginning of a clause to replace an expression with if. Such expressions are generally translated by si + past perfect tense, e.g.
    had I taken the train, this would never have happened
    = si j’avais pris le train, ce ne serait jamais arrivé
    had there been a fire, we would all have been killed
    = s’il y avait eu un incendie, nous serions tous morts
    For examples of the above and all other uses of have see the entry.

    Big English-French dictionary > Usage note : have

  • 13 Usage note : not

    When not is used without a verb before an adjective, an adverb, a verb or a noun, it is translated by pas:
    it’s a cat not a dog
    = c’est un chat pas un chien
    not at all
    = pas du tout
    not bad
    = pas mal
    For examples and particular usages see the entry not.
    When not is used to make the verb be negative (it’s not a cat) it is translated by ne…pas in French ; ne comes before the verb or the auxiliary in compound tenses and pas comes after the verb or auxiliary: ce n’est pas un chat ;
    she hasn’t been ill
    = elle n’a pas été malade.
    When not is used with the auxiliary do to make a verb negative (he doesn’t like oranges) do + not is translated by ne…pas in French: il n’aime pas les oranges.
    When not is used in the present perfect tense (I haven’ t seen him, she hasn’t arrived yet), ne…pas is again used in French on either side of the appropriate auxiliary ( avoir or être): je ne l’ai pas vu, elle n’est pas encore arrivée.
    When not is used with will to make a verb negative (will not, won’t), ne…pas is used with the future tense in French:
    she won’t come by car
    = elle ne viendra pas en voiture
    When used with a verb in the infinitive, ne…pas are placed together before the verb:
    he decided not to go
    = il a décidé de ne pas y aller
    you were wrong not to tell her
    = tu as eu tort de ne pas le lui dire
    When not is used in question tags, the whole tag can usually be translated by the French n’est-ce pas, e.g.
    she bought it, didn’t she?
    = elle l’a acheté, n’est-ce pas?
    For usages not covered in this note see the entry not.

    Big English-French dictionary > Usage note : not

  • 14 Usage note : them

    When used as a direct object pronoun, referring to people, animals or things, them is translated by les:
    I know them
    = je les connais
    Note that the object pronoun normally
    comes before the verb in French and that in compound tenses like the present perfect and past perfect, the past participle agrees in gender and number with the direct object pronoun:
    He’s seen them
    ( them being masculine or of mixed gender)
    = il les a vus
    ( them being all feminine gender)
    = il les a vues
    In imperatives, the direct object pronoun is translated by les and comes after the verb:
    catch them!
    = attrape-les! (note the hyphen)
    When used as an indirect object pronoun, them is translated by leur:
    I gave them it or I gave it to them
    = je le leur ai donné
    In imperatives, the indirect object pronoun is translated by leur and comes after the verb:
    phone them!
    = téléphone-leur! (note the hyphen)
    After prepositions and the verb to be, the translation is eux for masculine or mixed gender and elles for feminine gender:
    he did it for them
    = il l’a fait pour eux or pour elles
    it’s them
    = ce sont eux or ce sont elles
    For particular usages see the entry them.

    Big English-French dictionary > Usage note : them

  • 15 Usage note : which

    In questions
    When which is used as a pronoun in questions it is translated by lequel, laquelle, lesquels or lesquelles according to the gender and number of the noun it is referring to:
    there are three peaches, which do you want?
    = il y a trois pêches, laquelle veux-tu?
    ‘Lucy’s borrowed three of your books’ ‘which did she take?’
    = ‘Lucy t’a emprunté trois livres’ ‘lesquels a-t-elle pris?’
    The exception to this is when which is followed by a superlative adjective, when the translation is quel, quelle, quels or quelles:
    which is the biggest (apple)?
    = quelle est la plus grande?
    which are the least expensive (books)?
    = quels sont les moins chers?
    In relative clauses as subject or object
    When which is used as a relative pronoun as the subject of a verb, it is translated by qui:
    the book which is on the table
    = le livre qui est sur la table
    the books which are on the table
    = les livres qui sont sur la table
    When which is the object of a verb it is translated by que (qu’ before a vowel or mute ‘h’):
    the book which Tina is reading
    = le livre que lit Tina
    Note the inversion of subject and verb ; this is the case where the subject is a noun but not where the subject is a pronoun:
    the book which I am reading
    = le livre que je lis
    In compound tenses such as the present perfect and past perfect, the past participle agrees in gender and number with the noun que is referring to:
    the books which I gave you
    = les livres que je t’ai donnés
    the dresses which she bought yesterday
    = les robes qu’elle a achetées hier
    In relative clauses after a preposition
    Here the translation is lequel, laquelle, lesquels or lesquelles according to the gender and number of the noun referred to:
    the road by which we came or the road which we came by
    = la route par laquelle nous sommes venus
    the expressions for which we have translations
    = les expressions pour lesquelles nous avons une traduction
    Remember that if the preposition would normally be translated by à in French (to, at etc.), the preposition + which is translated by auquel, à laquelle, auxquels or auxquelles:
    the addresses to which we sent letters
    = les adresses auxquelles nous avons envoyé des lettres
    With prepositions normally translated by de (of, from etc.) the translation of the preposition which becomes dont:
    a blue book, the title of which I’ve forgotten
    = un livre bleu dont j’ai oublié le titre
    However, if de is part of a prepositional group, as for example in the case of près de meaning near, the translation becomes duquel, de laquelle, desquels or desquelles:
    the village near which they live
    = le village près duquel ils habitent
    the houses near which she was waiting
    = les maisons près desquelles elle attendait
    The translation duquel etc. is also used where a preposition + noun precedes of which:
    a hill at the top of which there is a house
    = une colline au sommet de laquelle il y a une maison
    As a determiner
    In questions
    When which is used as a determiner in questions it is translated by quel, quelle, quels or quelles according to the gender and number of the noun that follows:
    which car is yours?
    = quelle voiture est la vôtre?
    which books did he borrow?
    = quels livres a-t-il empruntés?
    Note that in the second example the object precedes the verb so that the past participle agrees in gender and number with the object.
    For translations of which as a determiner in relative clauses see B2 in the entry which.

    Big English-French dictionary > Usage note : which

  • 16 Usage note : will

    When will is used to express the future in French, the future tense of the French verb is generally used:
    he’ll come
    = il viendra
    In spoken and more informal French or when the very near future is implied, the present tense of aller + infinitive can be used:
    I’ll do it now
    = je vais le faire tout de suite
    If the subject of the modal auxiliary will is I or we, shall is sometimes used instead of will to talk about the future. For further information, consult the entry shall in the dictionary.
    Note that would and should are treated as separate entries in the dictionary.
    Tag questions
    French has no direct equivalent of tag questions like won’t he? or will they? There is a general tag question n’est-ce pas? which will work in many cases:
    you’ll do it tomorrow, won’t you?
    = tu le feras demain, n’est-ce pas?
    In cases where an opinion is being sought, non? meaning is that not so? can be useful:
    that will be easier, won’t it?
    = ce sera plus facile, non?
    In many other cases the tag question is simply not translated at all and the speaker’s intonation will convey the implied question.
    Short answers
    Again, there is no direct equivalent for short answers like no she won’t, yes they will etc. Where the answer yes is given to contradict a negative question or statement, the most useful translation is si:
    ‘they won’t forget’ ‘yes they will’
    = ‘ils n’oublieront pas’ ‘si’ or (for more emphasis) bien sûr que si
    Where the answer no is given to contradict a positive question or statement, the most useful translation is bien sûr que non:
    ‘she’ll post the letter, won’t she?’ ‘no she won’t’
    = ‘elle va poster la lettre?’ ‘bien sûr que non’
    In reply to a standard enquiry the tag will not be translated:
    ‘you’ll be ready at midday then?’ ‘yes I will’
    = ‘tu seras prêt à midi?’ ‘oui’
    For more examples and other uses, see the entry will.

    Big English-French dictionary > Usage note : will

  • 17 Usage note : you

    In English you is used to address everybody, whereas French has two forms: tu and vous. The usual word to use when you are speaking to anyone you do not know very well is vous. This is sometimes called the polite form and is used for the subject, object, indirect object and emphatic pronoun:
    would you like some coffee?
    = voulez-vous du café?
    can I help you?
    = est-ce que je peux vous aider?
    what can I do for you?
    = qu’est-ce que je peux faire pour vous?
    The more informal pronoun tu is used between close friends and family members, within groups of children and young people, by adults when talking to children and always when talking to animals ; tu is the subject form, the direct and indirect object form is te (t’ before a vowel) and the form for emphatic use or use after a preposition is toi:
    would you like some coffee?
    = veux-tu du café?
    can I help you?
    = est-ce que je peux t’aider?
    there’s a letter for you
    = il y a une lettre pour toi
    As a general rule, when talking to a French person use vous, wait to see how they address you and follow suit. It is safer to wait for the French person to suggest using tu. The suggestion will usually be phrased as on se tutoie? or on peut se tutoyer?
    Note that tu is only a singular pronoun and vous is the plural form of tu.
    Remember that in French the object and indirect object pronouns are always placed before the verb:
    she knows you
    = elle vous connaît or elle te connaît
    In compound tenses like the present perfect and the past perfect, the past participle agrees in number and gender with the direct object:
    I saw you on Saturday
    (to one male: polite form)
    = je vous ai vu samedi
    (to one female: polite form)
    = je vous ai vue samedi
    (to one male: informal form)
    = je t’ai vu samedi
    (to one female: informal form)
    = je t’ai vue samedi
    (to two or more people, male or mixed)
    = je vous ai vus samedi
    (to two or more females)
    = je vous ai vues samedi
    When you is used impersonally as the more informal form of one, it is translated by on for the subject form and by vous or te for the object form, depending on whether the comment is being made amongst friends or in a more formal context:
    you can do as you like here
    = on peut faire ce qu’on veut ici
    these mushrooms can make you ill
    = ces champignons peuvent vous rendre malade or ces champignons peuvent te rendre malade
    you could easily lose your bag here
    = on pourrait facilement perdre son sac ici
    Note that your used with on is translated by son/sa/ses according to the gender and number of the noun that follows.
    For verb forms with vous, tu and on see the French verb tables.
    For particular usages see the entry you.

    Big English-French dictionary > Usage note : you

  • 18 présent d'usage

    прил.
    общ. обычный подарок (напр., по случаю праздника, не учитываемый в наследстве)

    Французско-русский универсальный словарь > présent d'usage

  • 19 BRAUÐ

    n. bread; hleifr brauðs, a loaf of bread.
    * * *
    n. [A. S. bread; Engl. bread; Germ. brod; Dan. bröd]. This word, which at present has become a household word in all branches of the Teutonic, was in early times unknown in its present sense: Ulf. constantly renders αρτος as well as ψωμίον by hlaibs; Engl. loaf; A. S. hlâf; the old A. S. poetry also has hlâf, and the old heathen Scandin. poems only hleifr, Hm. 40, 51, Rm. 4, 28. In Engl. also, the words lord, lady,—A. S. hlâford, hlâfdige, which properly mean loaf-warder, loaf-maid,—bear out the remark, that in the heathen age when those words were formed, breâd, in the sense of panis, was not in use in England; in old A. S. the word is only used in the compd beobreâd of the honeycomb (Gr. κηρίον), cp. Engl. bee-bread; O. H. G. bibrod; Germ. bienenbrod; and this seems to be the original sense of the word. The passage in which doubtless the Goths used ‘braud,’ Luke xxiv. 42—the only passage of the N. T. where κηρίον occurs—is lost in Ulf. Down to the 9th century this word had not its present sense in any Teut. dialect, but was, as it seems, in all of them used of the honeycomb only. The Icel. calls thyme ‘bráð-björg’ or ‘broð-björg’ (sweet food?); cp. the Lat. ‘redolentque thymo fragrantia mella;’ the root of ‘brauð’ is perhaps akin to the Lat. ‘fragrare.’ The transition from the sense of honeycomb to that of bread is obscure: in present usage the ‘bread’ denotes the substance, ‘loaf’ the shape; b. ok smjör, Eg. 204; b. ok kál, Mar.; heilagt b., Hom. 137; the Icel. N. T. (freq.)
    2. food, hence metaph. living, esp. a parsonage, (mod.) The cures in Icel. are divided into þinga-brauð and beneficia.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > BRAUÐ

  • 20 PINE

    1) Военный термин: passive infrared night equipment
    2) Техника: passive infrared night equipment system
    3) Сокращение: Passive Infra-Red Equipment
    4) Вычислительная техника: Program for Internet News and Email / PINE Is No longer ELM
    5) Сетевые технологии: Program For Internet News And Email
    6) Расширение файла: Pine Is Not Elm (original usage), Program for Internet News & Email (present usage)
    7) Программное обеспечение: Pine Is Not Elm

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > PINE

Страницы

См. также в других словарях:

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  • PRÉSENT, ENTE — adj. Qui est, qui se trouve dans le lieu dont on parle; en ce sens il est opposé à Absent. J’étais présent lorsque la chose arriva. Il était présent à l’événement. Tels et tels y étaient présents. Si vous aviez été présent, cela ne serait pas… …   Dictionnaire de l'Academie Francaise, 8eme edition (1935)

  • Présent de l'indicatif — Morphologie du verbe français En grammaire française, le verbe prend de nombreuses formes pour exprimer les différences de personne, de nombre, de mode et de temps : cet ensemble de formes s appelle conjugaison et concerne la morphologie… …   Wikipédia en Français

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